Chemical Diversity of Ant Venoms and Toxins
WouterAmong the different kinds of venoms produced by ants, the majority is based on cytolytic peptides. These peptides kill quickly. They disrupt the membranes of bacterial and cellular cells. They are believed to be important in pre-digestion of prey. They may also play a role in social immunity.
There are several alkaloids present in ant venoms. These are typically bitter when ingested. These alkaloids are produced by the Dufour’s gland, an accessory organ attached to the venom gland. It produces long-chain primary acetates. Some species produce monoterpene hydrocarbons, as well.
The venom of some ants contains alkylated pyrazines. These pyrazines are not alkaloids, but they are found in mandibular gland secretions. These alkylated pyrazines are more prevalent in mandibular gland secretions than in venoms.
The highest hyaluronidase activity was found in Solenopsis invicta, Myrmecia pyriformis and Paraponera clavata. These alkaloids are isolated from mixed whole ant extracts.
The ant venom contains a cocktail of enzymes. The venom contains phospholipases and venom acid phosphatases. This cocktail is believed to be responsible for the sweating and hair erection associated with the venom. However, the lethal components are not known.
The alkaloids present in ant venoms are believed to be unique to Hymenoptera. In fact, they are particularly prominent in the venom of the subfamily Myrmicinae. However, alkaloids are present in many ant species.
A review of ant toxins highlights the paucity of knowledge on molecular pharmacology. Further biochemical studies may help to identify the chemical diversity of ants’ venoms and toxins.
