Why Do Rats Have Long Tails?
WouterThe rat’s tail is a complex structure with several functions. It extends from the vertebral column in a long cylindrical extension, containing three concentric layers: a core of bone, tendons and skin. The tail also contains arteries and veins, which makes it sensitive to the surrounding environment and helps regulate temperature.
Rats use their tail to adjust their center of gravity, making it easier for them to balance on different surfaces. This enables them to climb narrow structures. Their tail also increases their rotational inertia, enabling them to maintain balance on uneven surfaces. Rats do not have many defense mechanisms, so their tail is an important part of their overall balance system.
Rats’ long tails are an excellent thermoregulating organ. Their long tails have numerous blood vessels and can dissipate up to 17% of the body’s heat. In hot weather, the tail opens up to allow more blood to flow. The warm blood then cools on the tail’s surface before returning to the body. In cold weather, the blood flow in the tail reduces. Having a long tail helps the rat stay balanced, especially on narrow surfaces.
Rats that lack tails are at risk for many diseases and predators. Without tails, they can’t regulate their body temperature, which makes them more susceptible to diseases and infections. They also have a shorter lifespan because they can’t escape attacks.
