Why Do Mosquitoes Release Saliva?
WouterHaving an insect repellent and wearing long loose clothing helps keep mosquitoes away. However, some people are more prone to being bitten than others. In addition, mosquitoes can transmit viruses. In order to get the virus going in the new host, the mosquito needs saliva.
Mosquito saliva contains a complex mix of molecules. Some of these are proteins, enzymes, and anticoagulants. The molecules also act as vasodilators, meaning that they increase blood flow and widen the blood vessels. Other components enhance viral replication and dissemination.
Mosquitoes are also known to feed on plants and flowers. To feed on blood, the female mosquito uses a special mouthpart, called a proboscis. This proboscis is a long tubular microneedle system with six stylets. The proboscis requires three times less force than an artificial microneedle.
Mosquitoes are also able to suck blood with a force that ruptures the blood vessels. It is believed that the lucky parasites that make it through are released during the bite.
The female Anopheles mosquito also requires a blood meal to develop eggs. In addition, the mosquito needs extra energy for egg development. Its ability to replicate in macrophages is thought to have been selected during the evolution of mosquito-transmitted viruses. When the female mosquito bites the human host, it injects tiny amounts of saliva into the bloodstream.
These salivary glands also house a diverse bacterial microbiota, including bacteria that produce ammonia. These odour-producing bacteria attract the mosquitoes. They also filter water from the blood plasma.
